Marketing Essays Satisfy Consumer Needs

Marketing Essays Satisfy Consumer Needs Satisfy Consumer Needs Introduction When marketing managers are asked if a particular tactic will produce the desired results, their answer has normally been closer to the lines of: it all depends on the product or service, the target demographic, the message and, particularly, how the target customers want to be approached (Beinhocker and Kaplan 2002). All these elements form a part of the marketing mix. Traditionally, marketers use the marketing mix, the 4Ps of product, price, place and promotion, to position the brand and to create brand values around a coherent set of policies for each of these P’s. Marketing mix has been used as a framework which acts as a guideline for marketers to implement a marketing concept. It consists of a set of major decision areas that a company needs to manage in order to at least satisfy consumer needs. This study will relate the concept of marketing mix with the fast changing mobile technology product market. The mobile phone market are no more company driven, rather it is cons umer driven. The business environment in which it operates is highly competitive with intense rivalry not only from direct competitors but also from the regulators and the environment. Analyzing the elements of the Marketing mix   ‘Price’ in the ‘marketing mix’ is the amount of money charged for a product or service, or the sum of the values that consumers exchange for the benefits of having or using the product or service (Beckwith, 2001). This is the only element on the marketing mix that produces revenue while the other three creates costs. By, ‘product’, marketers refer to anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use or consumption that might satisfy a want or need (Sudhir, et al., 2005). This includes physical objects, services, persons, places, organizations and ideas. ‘Promotion’ refers to activities that communicate the product or service and its merits to target customers and persuade them to buy (Kotler Keller, 2006). It is concerned about delivering the sales message and traditionally has consisted of Advertising, direct marketing, sales promotion, public relation, publicity and personal selling. ‘Place’, a s the name suggests, refers to the geographic locations which has become increasingly significant in the wake of globalization. Every industry has to consider the culture and business practices of the place it is trying to do business with and the entry mode it wants to adapt before entering a different place/country/region. The ‘people’ (recently added to the marketing mix) aspect of marketing mix signifies the level of customer service, advice, sales support and aftermarket back-up required, involving recruitment policies, training, retention and motivation of key personnel. Marketing is professional practice it involves people. Traditional marketing mix was about dictating the market through price, product, place, and promotion manipulation. Marketing managers have traditionally used it to make better use of the tools and resources available to them in supplying products and services to customers and prospects. Get help with your essay from our expert essay writers Analysis and Discussion A consumer’s utility for a model of mobile phone is a function of the attributes and the price of that model, with the consumer choosing the brand-model that maximizes utility (Sriram, 2005; pg 440). Product plays a big role for global mobile phone companies like Nokia which not only have to keep continuously innovating with their products but also need to change its product according to the ethical and cultural aspects of the local market. It might be argued that even though ‘product’ is an important part of the digital industry, it’s the ‘innovation’ aspect associated with the products that give firms distinctive advantage over its rivals. Eg Sony Ericsson (the Japanese / Swedish firm) has integrated its successful ‘cybershot’ camera within its mobile phones to add value to its offering. Sony has also added its much known Walkman (Sony was the inventor of Walkman) feature to its mobile phone to give customers the best of three wo rlds (mobile, camera and walkman) in one device. Some might argue that this sort of strategy falls under the ‘product’ category of the marketing mix but, its less associated with the product design and specifications and more with the value and innovativeness. The price element of the marketing mix has traditionally relied on selecting the price objective by determining demand. Companies have estimated their price by comparing them to their competitors and basing it on a particular pricing method (Petrin, 2005). While the mobile phone industry still considers all these factors in setting its price, competitive pricing has given way to ‘value for money’ pricing. This means that low price as compared to competitors no longer means success in the mobile world. Pricing strategy in the mobile phone industry is more aligned to the company’s value proposition. Eg. Apple charges premium for its handset (iPhone) which is one of the costliest handset in the market, till its handset has achieved higher than expected sales. This is because its price is based not on competitor price but on its value proposition of innovativeness in terms of design and features. Similarly, Nokia N95 (market retail price c £500) is one of the most s uccessful Nokia offerings because it was the first phone to integrate a 5 mega pixel camera with a mobile. Customers are not ‘price sensitive’ any more; they are ‘value sensitive’. They see the value they are getting in terms of price that they pay for the offering.    While pricing strategy still needs to fit in with the overall mission of organisation, and reflect its financial objectives, it has to be more ‘value based’. Mobile products justify the fact that even though the four Ps are relevant in the current business environment, they probably need to be upgraded to include elements such as ‘innovation’ to reflect the present technology market realities. The promotion element of the marketing mix has undergone a huge change within the last few years. According to the Mobile Marketing Association, by 2008, 89 percent of brands will use text and multimedia messaging to reach their audiences, with nearly one-third planning to spend more than 10 percent of their marketing budgets on advertising in the medium (Graham, 2008). The newer element of marketing mix, ‘people’ is used to define modern mobile consumers and classifies consumers into a single entity. Researchers argue that ‘people’ cannot be classified as a single entity as requirement for product and services may vary. Also, increasing consumer power and sophistication due to wide availability of information has given rise to personalized marketing which requires interaction and sincere, direct dialog with the customer (Beinhocker, 2002). There is an increasingly need for marketers in the mobile market to identify the constantly changing and evolving customer needs, respond quickly to competitive movements and predict market trends early and accurately. Find out how our expert essay writers can help you with your work Eg. Motorola pioneered the mobile revolution and was the first mobile phone brand to enter the market. But, it has moved from pioneer to a low third (in terms of market share) and currently under threat to lose market share to Sony Ericsson because of its innovative handsets. Eg. Major Motorola competitors like Nokia, Samsung, Sony Ericsson have come out with 5 Mega pixel camera mobiles but Motorola is still to catch up with them in terms of product design and value addition. Some may argue that this falls under ‘product’ part of the marketing mix but it is actually innovation that drives competition. Mobile was an innovative device and the market has always relied on innovation, which can be in terms of product or service. With organizations already providing internet access over mobile phones, the new trend is to add the capability to view television programs on the mobile. Rather than the 4P’s, performance in the mobile industry is driven more by changes tied t o intrinsic preferences which can be because of the changing portfolio of models in the product line and/or modifications in the attributes and prices of the models in the product line. While the 4P’s theory is still relevant in terms of marketing theory and practice, it oversimplifies the reality of marketing management in terms of mobile phone market (Brassington Pettitt, 2003). It is more organization-centric and says about the interactions between the mix variables. Also, recent development in technology has led to the concept of Customer Relation Management which encourage relationship building with the customer. The 4P’s of marketing rely on more transactional variables. The mobile phone product is one such product where staying close to the customers is extremely important. Companies not only need to know who their customers are but also what they value, in terms of add-on services. Comaines need to understand the need for product extensions by maintaing a direct contact with their customers, the highly visible nature of the service process, and the simultaneity of the production and consumption (Coviello Brodie, 2001). The extension allows a more thorough analysis of the marketing ingredients necessary for successful marketing (Akcura et al., 2004). Also, depending on the product line, different elements of marketing mix may have varying importance attached to them. Eg. Previous financial researchers done by (Driussi, 2007; pg 57) have revealed that in some cases a 1 % change in price can deliver a 10% plus improvement in profit. This might mean that businesses deal with pricing with much more rigor that their product design, channel management or promotions planning.   Despite the background and status of the Marketing mix as a major theoretical and practical parameter of contemporary marketing, several academics have at times expressed doubts and objections as to the value and the future of the Mix, proposing alternatives that range from minor modifications to total rejection (Brassington Pettitt, 2003). The common issues where researchers feel they marketing mix has its limitations are, its inadequacy to address specific marketing situations like the marketing of services, the management of relationships or the marketing of industrial products. Due to these factors, researchers believe that the marketing mix theory has to be broadened to suit the current market conditions. Consumer behavior in the mobile phone industry has also evolved with a rise in the over the mass consumer markets towards increasingly global, segmented, customized or even personalized markets of today (Kotler Keller 2006) where innovation, customization, relationships build ing and networking have become issues of vital significance. The new marketing principles imply that marketing activities should be based on identification of customer needs and wants, typical external and therefore uncontrollable factors (Naik et al., 2005). Researchers believe that by expanding the theoretical scope of the marketing theory, it will be easier to reflect on urge to better understand the managerial consequences of transformations taking place and identify sources of superior firm performance in constantly evolving competitive environments (Constantinides, 2001). Draganska (2006) believes that the growing pressure on marketers to better identify and satisfy constantly changing customer and industry needs, the increasing importance of services and the need to build-up long-lasting relationships with the client, have further contributed to the exposure of several limitations of the 4P framework as a marketing management tool.   Conclusions   The changing marketplace dynamics of mobile phone industry has meant that marketing mix as a differentiation strategy needs massive upgrading. The rise of competition, globalization, increasing use of technology in marketing practices has changed the traditional way to marketing to people. There are no certainties and no guarantees of success within the mobile phone industry even if companies get their 4P’s right. This is because, what works with one group of customers may not work with another, and some things which traditionally used to work may not work at all. In the continuously changing marketing environment, the marketing mix is still relevant but strategies based on them may not necessarily work. There are more variables and elements to the mix than the 4P’s, which depends of the industry type, market structure, competition and other related factors. Graham (2008; pg 40) while referring to the 4P’s states that rather than bouncing the four (price, promoti on, people and place) balls at one time, marketers need to juggle up to a dozen or more at the same time. It is worth mentioning that in the wake of changing consumer preferences, marketing managers still need to evaluate the effects of product attributes and marketing activities to improve performance in the marketplace. References Akcura, T. M., F. Gonul, E. Petrova. (2004) Consumer learning and brand valuation: An application on over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. Marketing Science. 23(4) 156–169. Ailawadi, K.L., Lehmann, D.R. and Neslin, S.A. (2001), Market Response to a Major Policy Change in the Marketing Mix: Learning from Procter Gambles Value Pricing Strategy. Journal of Marketing, Vol. 65 Issue 1, p44. Beckwith, H. (2001), The Invisible Touch the Four Keys of Modern Marketing, Texere Publishing. Brassington, F. and Pettitt, S. (2003), Principles of Marketing, Third Edition, Prentice Hall / Financial Times. Beinhocker, E.D. and Kaplan, S. (2002), Tired of Strategic Planning? The McKinsey Quarterly, nr 2. Constantinides, E. (2002), The 4S Web-Marketing Mix Model, E-Commerce Research and Applications, Elsevier Science, July 2002, Vol. 1/1, pp 57-76. 434 Coviello, N.E. and Brodie, R.J. (2001), Contemporary marketing practices of consumer and business-to-business firms: how different are they?. The Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, Vol. 16, Nr. 5 pp. 382 400. Draganska, M., (2006) Consumer preferences and product line pricing strategies: An empirical analysis. Marketing Science. 25(2) 164–174. Driussi, A (2007), Pricing: the lost component of the marketing mix?, BT Weekly, 5/11/2007 Professional Marketing Su, Vol. 57, p6-7 The New Marketing Mix: Where Will You Meet Your Customers? 1/7/2008, Vol. 233 Issue 2, p40-41 Kotler Keller (2006), Marketing Management (12th edn.), London, Perason Education Naik, P., K. Raman, R. Winer (2005) Planning marketing-mix strategies in the presence of interaction effects. Marketing Sci. 24(1) 25–34. Petrin, A. (2005) Omitted product attributes in differentiated product models. Working paper, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA. Sudhir, K., P. K. Chintagunta, V. Kadiyali. 2005. Time-varying competition. Marketing Sci. 24(1) 96–109. Sriram et al.: Effects of Brand Preference, Product Attributes, and Marketing Mix Variables Marketing Science 25(5), pp. 440–456

Child Rearing In Victorian Times :: essays research papers fc

Child Rearing in Victorian Times   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Childhood barely existed for most British children at the end of the eighteenth century, since they began a lifetime of hard labour as soon as they were capable of simple tasks. By contrast, the fortunate children of the wealthy generally were spoiled and enjoyed special provisions for the need of a lengthy childhood, yet who in a way may have endured the same pain of those who were not as fortunate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Child rearing in the Victorian times was not at all similar to child rearing today. There were of course two different categories on how the child was brought up. They went from one extreme to the other. They were the difference of the classes. The life of an upper class child during the Victorian era, was as one may put it, stuffy, conventional and routine, not to mention quite lonely at certain times. Yet others argue Victorian children should have been quite content, given the fact that they were treated to only the best of toys, clothes and education and it was absurd to even consider the child being neglected.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mothers and Fathers were seen as special, glamourous guests, due to the fact that they were never around and rarely seen by their children. This was because child and parent led totally separate existences, they were only summoned to appear before their parents at a certain set hour of the day. Many Victorian children like Winston Churchill and Harriet Marden recall such cold relations between their selves and their mothers that they would be able to count how many times in their life they had been hugged. Family life was formal, although during that time child rearing manuals urged bonding and maternal ties, mothers remained cool and distant. Children were a convenience to their parents, they obeyed them as they would an army officer. Sir Osbert Sitwell once argued, Parents were aware that the child would be a nuisance and a whole bevy of servants, in addition to the complex guardianship of nursery and school rooms was necessary not so much to aid the infant as to screen him from his father or mother, except on some occasions as he could be used by them as adjuncts, toys or decorations. Although this only describes a minority of parents it was always in the best interests for the child not to be heard or in the way, it was rarely taken to the extent of screening the child.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It was the era of nurses and nannies, the child was not raised by the woman who gave birth to him, but by the hired help.

System Archetypes

Every company strives to increase revenue and stabilize or decrease operating expenses. The Yellow Book once had a steady revenue stream, which coincided with the operating expenses. The steady rise in sales and revenues also means an increase in production while maintaining an equal level of customer service. This displays several archetypes, including limits to growth. The Yellow Book will continue to experience growth, however if deadlines are not met and mistakes are made in advertising, this will cause the direct customer to be influenced negatively, and ultimately reduce revenues with loss of customers. In order to maintain balance, production must be equal to revenue and customer service should be stable. Growth and underinvestment is an archetype that The Yellow Book is currently moving towards. The graphic designers and production teams are being stretched beyond their limits. While they are currently working hard to keep up production with demands, the overworked employees will not be able to maintain the motivation and morale needed with sales gradually on the rise. Advertising is not an area where performance standards can be lowered. If a 95% satisfaction rate is the current standard and the organization decides to decrease to 85%, there is a strong change that the 15% of unhappy customers will either not renew their ads, or could be granted free advertising, which will negatively affect revenue. The diagram below shows how growth and underinvestment and increase in demand causes a need to reinvest in production to stabilize customer satisfaction. The capabilities and core competencies give The Yellow Book a competitive advantage. The strategy it needs to adapt is a long term plan to maintain service levels year after year, not just book after book. A customer may give The Yellow Book a second chance if they experience an error, but it is doubtful there will be more chances and advertisers will be lost.

Illegal Transportations Of Substances - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2262 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/05/17 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Modest Proposal Essay Did you like this example? For preventing the uneducated inmates of the United States of America to stay uncivilized, unprepared and unbeneficial to our modern day society. When you think of America, you think of one of the strongest nations of all time. It would bring great sadness to go walking down the streets in your very own city or town to see crime and poverty happening right in front of your eyes. You look to the left and you see an ex-felon who is robbing a convenience store on the corner. You look to your right and you see a young ex-inmate begging the people who pass by her for money or food in order to survive. Their tattered clothing, ink imprinted bodies, and negative demeanor radiates off of them. As you look all around you, you see these people growing greater in numbers as the days, weeks, and months pass. These ex-convicts instead of being employed and working for their money, are put out on the streets to survive the only way that they know how to; to commit uncivilized acts. It is seen that these felons are overtaking the nation and causing a disturbance among the American people. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Illegal Transportations Of Substances" essay for you Create order Robberies, illegal transportations of substances, and hijackings of vehicles distort our everyday lives abruptly. It is up to the policy makers and prison authorities to step up and reform the education system for these individuals to become modeled everyday citizens; until then will this nation prosper socially and educationally. Society as a whole, is deteriorating due to the epidemic of lack of formal education that America seems to endure nationwide. The convicts, once released from incarceration, are most likely to fall into their bad habits and find themselves back into the prison system once again. My intention is not only for the prisoners wellbeing but for the wellbeing of our citizens as a whole and how this issue overtakes us altogether. Without the ex-prisoners around us becoming educated, it will ultimately lead to more problems thus, slowing down the process to prosper societally. As to my own part, having contradictory thoughts relating to the matter of this issue, and weighing out appropriately the pros and the cons that come with it, I have come to agree in the reformation of this societal situation. It is said to be true, that an offender once dropped off from the prison facility with no educational purpose, will reside back to his or her actions that incarcerated that individual in the first place, more properly known as the recidivism rate. (McCarty ?- 7) Instead of these prisoners being out of their jail cells running amuck among the casual people of the United States, they should be put back into the workforce in order to decrease the amount of unbeneficial people living in the slumbers around the nation. However, this cannot be done effectively and efficiently due to their lack of work experience or proper education needed in order to acquire a job or profession. (Anders Noblit ?- 5) There is likewise, another advantage in my reformation, that it will prevent the convicts uncivilized behavior, and that disturbance among the peace that the nation has from little to nothing left. It is too usual that among us, the citizens, become close-minded and ignorant to the problems that affect us indirectly rather than directly, in order to merely avoid that our social eloquence is liquidating in front of our very own eyes. The amount of individuals being affected by this issue is more than what we would expect for it to be. Two point three million heads are counted, thirty four thousand heads are figured to be youth, one hundred ninety seven thousand are in Federal Prison, six hundred thirty three thousand are in local jails, and one million three hundred thirty three thousand are found in State Institutions. The United States makes up four point four percent of the worlds population thus, meaning the United Statess houses twenty two percent of its population is incarcerated. I realize the number of the people who are incarcerated in America is 1 out every 110. (Watts, ?- 7) The question therefore is, why are so many of the individuals who live in the United States are in prison? Why does the United States of America house the greatest percentage of prisoners not only nationwide but world wide? As I have previously mentioned before, this reconstruction of the situation is completely unimpossible if we choose to not act upon it efficiently. For we cannot physically or literally force every single inmate to take a course in a higher education program, we can however, imply an option to the program if they ever wish to partake in it. Although I must admit that not every single person within the prison system will take advantage of this opportunity, those who do will spread awareness of the advantages these higher education program bring to their everyday prison lifestyles. I am positive that the exposure of the higher education program expanding within the prison system will create a more stable and calmer environment within the prison staff and the outside world. With the help of this program it will not only increase civil unity but an increase in the educational people being amongst all of the other citizens. Pursuing this further, I shall now therefore modestly propose my own perspective and thoughts according to this issue, in which I aspire will be presented humbly and exhibited in a formal manner. It has been a known controversy regarding the issue of having a higher education program in prison institutions, that this can cause danger a mayhem including the prison staff, college instructors, and the inmates. There have been instances where accidents or scares have happened within the face-to-face higher educational program thus leading to these controversies. However, we live in the twenty first century making it more accessible for various alternatives close to the curriculum given with these courses. I do therefore humbly offer this solution to be taken into consideration, within the public view, that of the two million twenty two thousand and three hundred and one of the prisoners within the prison walls, a vast majority will rejoin our society. Within these individuals, the higher education program will help model these uncivilized delinquents in order to help shape our society rather than cause mayhem. I am assured that a solution for these millions of thousands of inmates that are incarcerated would be to brainwash them and the entire world population in order for them to all be alike in their own mindsets. It is said to be true by a very knowing Professor in Carolina that has proposed this idea through means of electrical brainwashing. I offer for the public opinion to take this action into consideration due to the fact, that it will help for everyone to stay on the same page and not do uncivilized actions that would jeopardize our prosperity. I call for the electrical brainwashing for the three hundred and twenty three point three million of heads living and abiding in the United States in order for there to be a prevention of civil unrest. The electrical brainwashing is said to work as provided by various psychiatrists and psychology major students that deal with the functions and ideologies within the brains capacity. This electrical brainwashing will first start in the State Prison institutions where there are more severe cases of law breaking convicts such as murderers, rapists, and other similar or higher degree convicts. We will have the hundreds of thousands of prison system staff administer this electrical brainwashing one by one to each inmate to change their type of mindset. Following the State Institutions, we will follow through into the Federal which will ultimately end with the local prisons, which by the way, holds the least degree of convicts there is comparing it to a State Prison. The electrical brainwashing will rely on the electrical bolts from the two metal rods at the end of the metal hat which will constitute of fifty five bolts of electricity to administer maximum potential. They will be performed by the most advanced and highly reliable staff members to be able to achieve our ultimate success rate. The tests will be done in an outside building by not instilling fear to the other awaiting inmates in order for them to remain calm and collected to ensure for the results to become an overwhelming success. Just imagine, how the effects of this electrical brainwashing will contribute to our future societal prosperity in order for the world to be as one. People will walk in the streets knowing what the other person is gonna do or what they are thinking. America would be a perfect utopian society with a zero percent unemployment rate and with no debt to be owed due to our working class being maximized. There would be no more individuals breaking and entering, no more worrying about if you decide to take a stroll to the grocery market and will make it back home in one piece. Peace and order would be restored and all the other countries worldwide would be envious of our successful way of living and work ethic. Our American citizens would be prepared for anything to be thrown at their way by the change in a effective mindset. Our nation, as we know it, would be the best place to live in; our societal and education success would be achieved within this solution. Firstly, as I have already observed, the higher education program, more formally known as the YOP does not rob the U.S. citizens taxpayers money or contribute in any way. The education program relies on federal money, grants, or donations that are made toward their contribution. Secondly, out of the three hundred twenty three point three million people living in the United States about one out of one hundred and ten people are currently in prison. As of 2015, there were about four thousand seven hundred fifty one people who were either on parole or probation thus, making it a hefty number of people who will rejoin our society that are in need of an education. Thirdly, inmates will graduate with a bachelors or certificates in order to rejoin our society for the better. Fourthly, these education programs effectively aid the recidivism rate for the inmates to not go back to prison due to their life changes of this program. Fifth, the convicts will become modeled citizens in order to make a positive impact instead of causing mayhem around the environment we live in. Sixth, the higher education will give them a better outlook in life reducing the regression rate overall. The alternative to a safer way and effective program would be the e-learning program to be instilled within the prison systems. The impact of technology on both conventional face-to-face and distance learning higher education environments has been enormous. In the case of students studying in prison, access to the Internet is highly contentious and, in high security prison settings, generally unavailable, with this mode of study further excluding the already socially excluded. (Runell, ?- 14) Higher education students cannot work effectively without access to modern technologies, and the largest barrier to offender learning is the digital divide. Learners studying in prison, without access to these resources, are likely to have a much more limited learning experience. (Watts, ?- 12) They see a multimodal approach to the design of distance learning materials as an important tool with which to support the different learning styles of a diverse student population. However, there are some prisons that do not agree with this alternative due to the inmates not being able to acquire and use Internet access. The limited and scarce access to computers and storage media varies widely and is dependent on the culture within each prison. Whilst all prisons have some level of traditional library facility, these are seriously under-equipped and ill-funded, despite the policy intention of DBIS, whose stated vision for prison libraries is to provide offenders in custody with a similar range of services to those found in public libraries in the outside community and that the library service within a prison should be seen as part of the core provision of the establishment. ( Anders Noblit ?- 9) Alongside this alternative provision, as technology in prisons begins to be used for reform and rehabilitation, platforms are being developed that can offer prisoners safe access to online education. One example is the implementation of a virtual campus that provides secure and boundaries of the web access using existing systems. Being able to secure e-messaging, via a guardian, is anticipated and this e-innovation should enable students to access both their tutors and the Open Universitys electronic assessment system, representing a significant step forward for not only the inmates education purpose but, for our societal growth into future prosperity. In essence, the controversy surrounding the issue of the higher education program, YOP, on whether or not they provide significant advantages or disadvantages. As a matter of fact, the YOP education does improve the everyday lives of the convicts by providing them a fundamental education in order to be a modeled citizen. Our nation needs more prosperity and intellectual growth in order to function properly and efficiently. The role that this higher education will play within our society will help us evolve altogether. Whether you believe if you should agree or disagree with the effects higher education has on the prisoners worldwide, you cannot deny the fact that it does improve recidivism, societal growth, intelectual expansion, peace, and prosperity.

The Impact Of Paul Gustave Dore s 1869 Oil On Canvas,...

Around two months ago, I posted an image of Paul Gustave Dore’s 1869 oil on canvas, ‘Andromeda,’ to a large Internet forum called ‘Reddit.’ If you’re unfamiliar with the website ‘Reddit’, it is simply a site that is heavily run by the contribution of users, providing open discussions about specific ideas and news. To my amazement, the post made it to the front page, receiving much attention, but along with it came other ethical discussions that related to art as a general consensus and how the idea of ‘beauty’ has influenced current viewers with their expectations for museums and galleries. With comments on my post such as â€Å"Actual art on [Reddit!?]† and â€Å"Art isn’t art unless it’s old† – it was at this point that I became more aware of Thomas Horsfall’s view of, what he put as, â€Å"arts bitterest enemies.† To elaborate further, Horsfall suggested in his paper, ‘Art in Large Towns†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ dated 1882, historical and modern art visually entices the average viewer and their knowledge about its context, but people who only recognise a piece for its visual aesthetics have poor knowledge of the true approach to art. So, do we, the viewers go to museums and galleries in hope of finding beautiful imagery? Are we, as suggested by Horsfall, positively influenced on our ideas of beauty and taste by our viewings? Well, firstly†¦ What is beauty? By Oxford dictionary’s definition, beauty is defined by the â€Å"combination of qualities, such as shape, colour, or form, that pleases the aesthetic

Differences Between Human And Mice Immunology - 1278 Words

Georgiette Oduro-Boateng Immunology (BIO 3301) Writing Assignment 1 3/4/15 Differences between human and mice immunology Stage 1 The American Association of Immunologists was established in 1913. This professional society consists of professional trained distinguished scientists around the globe who are in association with a goal of progressing the understanding of immunology worldwide. AAI provides it members with relevant information, great educational opportunities, etc. The Journal of Immunology is a credible source of information about scientific research because it is the leading and most highly cited journal in the immunological field. The journal also provides peer-reviewed findings on experimental immunology. Stage 2 Why the†¦show more content†¦http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1905037/ †¢ IFN: Stands for Interferon. According to Owen et al. (Immunology textbook), interferons are glycoprotein cytokines produced and secreted by certain cells that induce an antiviral state in other cells and also help to regulate the immune response. In other words, they are group of proteins that inhibit viral infections. †¢ LPS: Abbreviation for Lipopolysaccharide, it activates many clones of murine B cells to induce their differentiation and division into antibody-producing plasma cells (Owen et al.) †¢ IL: Abbreviation for interleukins, a group of cytokines secreted by leukocytes, they mostly affect the growth and differentiation of various hematopoietic and immune system cells. (Owen et al.) †¢ CMV: According to Mayoclinic.org, CMV stands for cytomegalovirus, a common virus that affects practically anyone and hardly causes symptoms. Once a person is infected, the body maintains the virus for life. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cmv/basics/definition/con-20029514 †¢ ÃŽ »5: Lambda 5 is a polypeptide that associates with Vpre-B to form the surrogate light chain of the pre B-cell receptor (Owen et al.). †¢ Ly49: According to Owen et al., Ly49

Evaluation and Analysis of Leadership in 21st Century

Question: Using relevant theories and models critically evaluate and analyse the leadership of a 21st century leader of a (business, government or not-for-profit) organisation. If you were in the position of the leader, what could you do to be a better leader and make a stronger impact on the followers and on the situation? Answer: Leadership in the 21st century: Any economy in this world faces a crisis in the field of leadership. The area of leadership is not confined to business and firms, the covers the field of politics, government, education, religion, non-profits. Any system pillars the characteristic of trust. It takes years to build but fraction of section to destroy. The trust developed within organization is recognized in the leaders. So it is necessary to place deserving and effective leader in the top. The 21st century leaders are more concerned with power than to trust. In most cases we see that the failure or disintegration of an organization has occurred due to selection of wrong leaders and giving them too much power than they deserved. These leaders violate the ethical norms in search of power and disintegration of the organization is not their lookout. So trust is what that needs to be inculcated in a leader. To analyze what kinds of leader must correct this scenario we need to know what is a leader and what functions they have? Defining leaders in the next phase. The process of organizing and directing a group of employees to work for the betterment of the company is performed by a leader. The task of a leader is not just confined to lead a group or a project but it is necessary for a leader to inspire and motivate other employees so that they can achieve the objective effectively. The functions of leader include realizing oneself, communicating the vision in an efficient way, trust building among the employees and making an effective effort to recognize ones own leadership potential. (www.etsu.edu, 2009) The definition of leadership is dynamic in nature. The need of a good leader is very much in demand to executive a plan successfully. It is believed that a good leader can make a weak plan work smoothly and on the other hand a bad leader can ruin the best plan in the business. So it is necessary to have an effective leader. (Tracy, 2014) Over a period of time, a number of theories have evolved: Trait theory/ Great Man- The combination of relevant set of skills and traits can give rise to a leader. This theory was developed on the basis of intelligence, perseverance and the aim set by an individual, he can be well characterized as a leader and be treated superior to any ordinary individual. Some of the traits and skill that a leader must possess is flexible with situations, aloof towards social environment, assertive, cooperative, dependable, dominant in a way to inspire and direct others, energetic about any venture, persistent with the quality of work, ability to tolerate stress and responsible towards work allotted. Some of the skills that a leader must have include being clever and intelligent, being creative, ability to innovate, fluent conversant, diplomatic and tactful in demanding situations, organizing and administering ability, persuasive in nature and skilled socially. Behavioral theory- the concept that people are not born with certain traits that can make them a leader, is the pillar of this theory. Leaders are recognized from the work they perform. An individual having the quality of defining and learning things smoothly can be transformed into a leader. Participative leadership- a despotic decision taken by a leader may not prove to be an effective one. The role of a participative leader is to involve all his fellow employees, subordinated, seniors and stakeholders in a decision making. A leader first put forwards a decision, he then attends to the relevant feedback and then formulates his decision. Now this leader is doesnt have a very strong participatory style. A very strong participatory style is seen when the entire team participates in a decision making collectively. Also a leader must be careful as not to ignore his subordinates by listening to opinions and not considering it. This may lead to cynicism and betrayal feelings reciprocated from the subordinates. Three styles in respect to the participatory theory are recognized which is called as Lewins three Participatory leadership styles. They are: Autocratic style- when a leader makes a decision without consultation of the subordinates. This may be because the opinions suggested by the subordinates might not influence or affect the decision making. Democratic style- here the leader involves the employees in the process of decision making but the final decision depends on the leader. The democratic style can cause a problem when there are a range of suggestions and reaching an equitable final decision is difficult. Laissez-faire style curtails the involvement of a leader in the decision making. Laissez-faire style is seen when the employees make their own decisions and no central coordination is required. Situational leadership- a good leader must be alert with the social environment and other situational factors. Here there are three forces that direct a leaders action. The forces in the situation The forces in the follower The forces in the leader The theory on situational leadership recognizes the style of leader to be variable. Contingency Leadership- when a leader considers contingent factors and other situational factors in its decision making then they are known to be contingency leader. Transactional theory- the role of a transactional leader is to execute his subordinates in an activity exchange regime. Incorporation of rewards and recognitions encourages the employees. it must also be the role of a transactional leader to set structures of work to his fellow workers. Transformational theory- In order to catapult a common objective to a higher level, a transformational leader inspires the employees to change perception, expectations and motivations. (Cherry, 2015) The two main components of a transformational leader are to develop a vision and sell the vision. The chairman and CEO of Starbucks, Howard Schultz made an effective effort to initiate a microlending program programs in collaboration with Community Development Financial Institution. There was a time when small businessmen could not get credit and a situation of unemployment prevailed in the US. It is when Schultz came up with this idea of convincing the American citizen to participate in a donation campaign which would be lend out to small businessmen who would eventually generate job opportunities. This program was to generate $350 million worth lending and create jobs. Schultz had taken the help of Starbucks branch, his employees and the dedicated customers. This is an example of participatory leadership who involved all the people associated with his company for a common objective. Schultz depicts the role of a situational leader who by considering the then condition of unemployment in the US initiated a program. What the banks and government failed to do, Schultz made it poss ible. (NOCERA, 2011) French and Raven has formulated five sources of power: Positional Power which is again categorized into three types of power exercised by a leader. they are: Reward power- A leader has power to reward his subordinates if he follows his instructions. Coercive power- A leader has the power to penalize his subordinates if he violates his instructions or doesnt follow the leaders instructions. Legitimate power- A leader exercises power based on his hierarchy position in the company. A top position of a leader gives them the power to issue orders. Personal Power is divided into two types of power: Expert power- the power that is executed if the leader has superior and expertise knowledge. Referent power- power exercised when the leader possess a charismatic personality. (Businessballs.com, 2015) Leader and her leadership story: There are diverse groups of leaders from a wide arena of racial, socioeconomic nationalities and religious background. The leaders can be specified not from their designation but from their work. Half the leaders are CEOs and the other half consists of young , mid-career and non-profit leaders. Taking up the story of Andrea Jung gives us a vivid knowledge of how leaders are born and transformed. Andrea is the CEO of Avon Products. Avon is one of the top beauty direct seller in the world and is the largest micro-lenders who lend credit to several numerous sales representatives globally. (Avoncompany.com, 2015) Andrea Jung was one of those women who quit her job from Neiman-Marcus without any other job. She then joined Avon products and becoming a CEO changed the structure of the companys vision. The company, Avon which focused on selling beauty products was not just the vision anymore, Jung made sure that the mission should focus on women empowerment. Avon had gone from 1.5 million to 5.5 million increased in workforce and was successful in acquiring economic independence through their own efforts. Avon Foundation for Women raised and were rewarded $1billion to reinforce health and empowerment issues, this made it the largest women oriented corporate benevolence around the world. (Lublin, 2014) Jung is a lady of stern determination. Notwithstanding, hindrances she came up with ideas to innovate the Avon Products Inc. Jung was initially hired as the president of the marketing group for the US operations. Applying the trait theory, Jung had combined her skill of assertion, cooperation, determination and dominance that led her to introduce Avon Apparel line, which was a success in one short. With her trait of constant innovation, she came up with a unique slogan of Just Another Avon Lady in 1995, a step towards re-branding her company as younger and hipper. Becoming the first ever female CEO of Avon was not a quality that Andrea Jung was born with. Her behavior, performance of her work and her potential to control the company led her to the seat and designation that itself had weightage. From the assumptions of the Behavioral Theory, we learn that no individual is born with leadership qualities embodied in him. It is the work from which an individual is recognized as a leader. This is like the story of Andrea Jung. Andrea Jung gave us the inspiration for fighting to end the violence against women with which she is personally associated and received award in its recognition. Jung also took a step forward to end the epidemic called breast cancer involved with other public-private partnership. Also these leadership qualities of Andrea Jung can be associated with a lot of theories in leadership. Some theories in connection with Andrea Jung was already mentioned. In the advent of extending women empowerment in the world, Jung has cited an example of a participative leader. In the process of lending credit to the sales representative, the objective of the company of involving the employees is achieved. Now, Jung had taken an initiative to introduce a brand new line of mixes of women apparel which can be related to the transformational theory of leadership. Jung had successfully inspired her workers and herself to concoct innovate ideas and features to start a new line of business under the same brand name. and this proved to be a success. Jung inspires Avon ladies to sell directly a buyer in the household which involves the role of a transactional and participative leader. Transactional leaders demands the role of transacting with the fellow subordinate in order to improve the business which Jung had repeatedly done to accomplish her objective in the business to empower women. Her main concern was with the country situation of the world and he r focus was singular in nature. Being the women in power, she was always wanted to do something to benefit the women who are often deprived of their right and power. One such happening instilled in the minds of Jung to do something for the women. The violence that were prevalent in every household had been an unfavorable situation for the society hence she established public-private partnerships and led a mission to end this torturous violence against women. Jung was again successful in this. Another incident that needed mention was the emergence of the epidemic breast cancer that started spreading like wildfire. There was a time when the incidence of breast cancer in the USA covered about 99% of the US population and the death counts covered about 100% of the population. Jung took this epidemic as a cause and a determination to end this. These steps by Jung made her a situational and contingent leader who acted according to the then current situation. Thus the story of Andrea Jungs leadership is no doubt inspiring and galvanizing. (Prevention, 2011) Until the 20th century leaders were more oppressive and powerful ones but leadership in the 21st century has changed the nature of leadership as the people are becoming more knowledgeable than most of their bosses. Employees now have questions regarding their work structure, benefits, payments, time of work etc. So time are gone of powerful leaders who misuse their position and exploit subordinates. (Billgeorge.org, 2007) Discussion on my leadership: It is believed that toughest job is to lead yourself. To inculcate the leader in me, there are six principles that I need to learn: I must gain self awareness to recognize the good and faulty things in me and a scope to rectify myself. Practicing values and principle when things are in your favor is always an easy task. The problem arises when these principles are exercised in times of pressure. I must strike a balance between extrinsic and intrinsic motivations. It is necessary to build a support team to let myself stay focused. It is also required to integrate life and work together. My passion for leadership must be expressed. (Gardner, Avolio and Walumbwa, 2005) Andrea Jung receives the 2010 Clinton Global Citizen Award for her leadership skill. I would have acted in the same way working for women health and empowerment but my focus wouldnt be confined to women. I would suggest any crisis in the economy is following a continuum pace. Either there is recession somewhere in the world to some people are starving to death. My focus as a leader would be to provide employment and empower those who do not have work. Women empowerment is definitely required but employment on a large scale basis irrespective of gender is urgent. Studies show that women work more in women oriented framework. In 2008, Avon product Inc. had been charged with corruption in China under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. The charges of corruption were against the employees. Diversification is the other name of business expansion, but it is also necessary to administer official to keep a check in matters related to corruption in the international branches. I would have appo inted more official to prevent the act of corrupt practices. Also there must be a leader follower relationship between employee and the leader. Avon had been delisted by PETA for not testing their products on animals which is a Chinese policy to perform business in their country (Avoncompany.com, 2015). I believe that in order to commence business a particular country, it is important to follow the rules, regulations and policies as mentioned by the country. A leader must be focused not only on the business and its strategy but there are different facets within a business that needs to be attended. It is the duty of the leader to bind the organization together so that there no scope of ill happening within the system. 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